CHALLENGES OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AMONG WORKING CLASS WOMEN
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Quantitative
- Simple Percentage
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
Background to the study
Breast feeding which is the act of feeding babies with breast milk. This is a universal cultural practice among human species of all races. However, there are commonly observable variations in the frequency and exclusiveness of application of breast milk in the feeding of babies. This is noted by Berg and Brenms (1989) who asserted that the question about breastfeeding is not whether it is being practiced or not, but the degree of practice. There are, therefore types of breastfeeding of which three categories are discernible from literature: Exclusive, predominant and complementary breastfeeding.
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the application of breast milk alone in the feeding of a baby for at least four months and if possible six months of life, without the addition of water, food or drinks. The baby however receives vitamins, minerals and medicines in the form of drops and syrup as need arises (WHO,1981). The World Health Organization WHO (2001) received the optional duration of EBF to six months of life. The second type of breastfeeding, predominant breastfeeding (PBF), on the other hand, implies that the infants predominant source of nourishment is breast milk. The infant in this type receives in addition of breast milk, water and water-based drinks (WHO 2001). Complimentary breastfeeding (CBF) or mixed feeding occurs where factory produced baby formula is the primary source of nourishment for the infant, the breast milk given occasionally.
The 2008 Lancet Series on Maternal and Child Undernutrition indicated that suboptimum breastfeeding, especially not exclusively breastfeeding a child for the first six months of life, results in 1.4 million deaths and 10 % of the disease burden in children younger than five years in low-income and middle-income countries. Other statistics indicate that one hundred and thirty-five million babies are delivered annually, but only 42 % (57 million) initiate breastfeeding within the first hour after birth, 39 % are breastfed exclusively during the first six months, and 58 % continue breastfeeding up to the age of two years. Several studies have reported barriers accounting for this situation, including returning to work after delivery. Others have stated factors that determine the success of exclusive breastfeeding even upon return to work, indicating that a supportive workplace and working environment are essential. Yet, the Nigeria 2010 Population and Housing Census Report showed an increasing trend of women joining the labour force. Guendelman et al. note that the challenge of balancing breastfeeding and paid work is an important reason for breastfeeding cessation in the first six months. In Nigeria, the success of exclusive breastfeeding is subject to the nature of a women’s job and occupation, especially at places where women are engaged in industrial work away from home, and long working hours. Elsewhere, Magner, and Phillipi attribute cessation of breastfeeding within the first month to returning to work. Aryeetey and Goh note that exclusive breastfeeding in Nigeria usually lasts for a median of about three months, which, incidentally coincides with the maternity leave period. Cai et al. in their 2012 “global trends in exclusive breastfeeding” indicate that the early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding favours the use of commercial breast milk substitutes, often of poor nutritional quality. Recently, Fosu-brefo and Arthur in their work titled “effect of timely initiation of breastfeeding on child health in Nigeria” acknowledged that interventions that improved child health and prevented childhood diseases included early breastfeeding initiation. Also, the factors acknowledged locally in Nigeria, Ayton and colleagues have identified several others that are harmfully associated with effective breastfeeding, such as delays in and/or failure of early breastfeeding initiation. Exploring the constraints to exclusive breastfeeding practice among breastfeeding mothers in Southwest Nigeria, Agunbiade and Ogunleye note that early introduction of complementary feeding, based on false beliefs that it is only beneficial to infants less than six months, adversely affects breastfeeding initiation and sustainability. In China and Western Kenya, several factors accounted for low EBF prevalence among working mothers. Early return to work, limited flexibility of work hours, lack of privacy, as well as a feeling of being watched and judged, lack of support including networks, tiredness and emotional support at work were cited as challenges facing working mothers. Mother’s work outside the home, father’s type of occupation (demanding occupations) which may limit their support for mothers to breastfeed and shorter maternity leave regulation also hindered EBF practice among professional working mothers in Vietnam, who all intended to exclusively breastfeed. These studies report that although most working mothers leave the maternity ward breastfeeding exclusively, the practice is quickly abandoned, mostly due to work and employment related factors.
1.2 Statement of problem
Although breastfeeding may not be completely abandoned, its exclusivity was mostly interrupted by these factors. Some of the factors hindering exclusive breastfeeding initiation and practice in Nigeria and elsewhere include poor knowledge of mothers, lack of mother’s confidence, lack of skills about appropriate breastfeeding methods and challenges with other work problems during lactation. These challenges may be amplified among working mothers in Nigeria, and could include giving substitutes other than maternal milk, early introduction of weaning foods, or shorter duration of EBF due to demands from work.
While data indicate that only about 36 % of infants younger than six months are exclusively breastfed in developing countries, national surveys concluded that Nigeria’s exclusive breastfeeding rate at six months is currently about 52%. Exclusive breastfeeding is a new method of breastfeeding which has been introduced by WHO/UNIEF. These two bodies have tasted it and find it successful for solving many problems in an infant. Unfortunately, few mothers adopt exclusive breast feeding (Grange, 1992); WHO, 2001) What could be peculiar to them? What do they have in common which are lacking among those who reject exclusive breastfeeding? This study explore working class mothers with a view of finding answers to these questions.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The researcher’s work is centred on working mothers in Nigeria and their breast feeding habit. The main aim of carrying out this study therefore is to:
- Critically examine the concept of breast feeding
- Find the positive and negative effects of breast feeding to working mothers and their infants.
- Identify the problems of breast feeding among working mothers in Enugu.
- Proffer or recommend possible solutions to the problems.
1.4 Research questions
1. What is the concept of breast feeding?
2. What is the positive and negative effect of breast feeding to working mothers and their infants?
3. What are the problems of breast feeding among working mothers in Enugu?
4. What are the solutions to the problems?
1.5 Significance of the study
In view of the present problem of working mothers and breast feeding and the dangers of inadequate breast feeding and the adverse effect on mothers and infants, the research study will help the individual mothers, physical education administration, health workers and the entire local government area, especially for those mothers who because of ignorance or selfish interest do not want improvement on adequate breast feeding of the infants. The findings and recommendations of this research are also expected to help the state and the local government area in drawing plans to improve on the breast feeding practices and working mothers.
There will be research on parity, religious affiliation, age and location to the effect of EBF adoption in the area of study. Knowing this will help health workers, particularly health educators in planning their health instruction and teachings of EBF. Attention should then be given to all nursing mothers irrespective of parity, age, religious affiliation to help and encourage them to adopt EBF.
1.6 Scope of study
The problems of breastfeeding are indeed a universal one. The research attempts to give an insight into the importance of adopting Exclusive breast feeding among working class mothers. The area covered by this study is Enugu State.
1.7 Definition of terms
Breast-feeding: This is the process of a woman feeding her baby with the milk from her breast.
Lactation: Lactation is the production of milk from the breast after giving birth.
Nutrition: This is the process of supplying and receiving nourishment.
HIV: Is a virus which reduces people resistance to illness and can cause Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV is an abbreviation for human Immunodeficiency virus.
1.8 Organization of Study
The study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one deals with the study’s introduction and gives a background to the study. Chapter two reviews related and relevant literature. The chapter three gives the research methodology while the chapter four gives the study’s analysis and interpretation of data. The study concludes with chapter five which deals on the summary, conclusion and recommendation
Related Project Materials
EFFICACY OF FLIPCHART IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF SOCIAL STUDIES IN SOME SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Abstract
The study examined the effect of flip chart instruction on the academic performance of Junior Secondary School Students who were...
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED ALGORITHM FOR POWER LINE DETECTION IN OPTICAL IMAGES USING FRANGI FILTER AND FIRST ORDER DERIVATIVE OF GAUSSIAN
ABSTRACT
This research presents the development of a Frangi filter and first-order derivative of Gaussian (FF-FDOG) based power line dete...
POLYGAMY AND FAMILY SIZE AS A DETERMINANTS OF STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Abstract
The study examines the effect of polygamy and large family size on students’ academic performance in sele...
AUDITING AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS
ABSTRACT
Auditing is continually changing and developing to meet the needs of the business environment it serves. The r...
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN AGEGE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE
ABSTRACT
The study found out the relationship between school environment and student’ aca...
ENDSARS PROTEST AND POLITICAL AWARENESS OF STUDENT (A CASE STUDY OF AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY, EKPOMA)
Background of the Study
The Special Anti-Robbery Squad, often known as SARS, is a special police force...
EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE TAXATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE
Abstract
This study is on the effects of multiple taxation on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises (SM...
AN EVALUATION OF ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE AS AN IMPEDIMENT TO DIGITAL ECONOMY GROWTH IN NIGER STATE
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out on An evaluation of electricity infrastructure as an impediment to...
STUDENTS PERCEPTION OF BIOLOGY LEARNING ENVIRONMENT ON THEIR ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
The study investigated the perception of student on biology learning environment on sen...
ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION STATUS OF IMO RIVER, SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Globally the environment has been over the years faced with the challenge natural and anthropogenic waste management which affec...
